How is Carbon Fiber Made?

Producing carbon fiber is complex and involves several steps.

But let’s keep it simple:

Start with a Precursor: This is usually polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or pitch. PAN is the go-to for most carbon fiber.
Carbonize It: Heat the precursor up to 2,000-3,000°C in a vacuum. This burns off everything but the carbon.
Surface Treatment: This step helps the fibers bond with other materials.
Sizing: A thin layer of protective coating is applied. This makes it easier to handle.

From here, the fibers are twisted, woven, or embedded in resins to form composites like Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP).

Not all carbon fibers are the same.

Depending on how you need to use it, there are three main types:

Standard Modulus: Good balance of strength and weight. Perfect for general purposes.
Intermediate Modulus: More stiffness, used for applications that need extra rigidity like aerospace parts.
High Modulus: Super stiff but brittle. Best for specialised, stable applications (think: satellites).

Each type serves a specific purpose, which is why you’ll see different kinds of carbon fiber in different industries.

You often hear about CFRP in sports cars, planes, and performance bikes.

This is where carbon fiber meets polymer resin to create a material that’s easy to mould but still incredibly tough.

CFRP takes the best of carbon fiber (strength, lightness) and combines it with the flexibility of polymers.

It’s why we see CFRP in everything from bike frames to car bodies—it gives strength, shape, and durability.

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